問世間「生涯」為何物？臺灣大學生生涯概念原型分析研究

作者:國立臺灣大學師資培育中心王秀槐、國立彰化師範大學運動學系陳珍德

卷期：64卷第2期
日期：2019年6月
頁碼：39-68
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.201906_64(2).0002

摘要：
如何建構生涯以「安身立命」，是青年時期的重要核心議題，對生活在西方與華人文化脈絡影響下的現代臺灣青年而言，「生涯」究竟有何涵義？本研究旨在探討臺灣大學生對於「生涯」一詞所抱持的概念。以「原型分析」為手段，透過200位大學生的參與，經由生涯詞庫建立、擴展、驗證、分類等階段，釐清「生涯」一詞所呈現的概念與範疇。研究結果顯示，臺灣大學生之生涯概原型架構，在水平向度上，可分為「內在」與「外在」兩大體系，「內在」體系包含「定錨」與「修為」、外在體系包含「工作生活」與「家庭生活」，其下又界定出「定向」、「定位」、「選擇」、「信念」、「實力」等基本概念，其下再包含「未來發展」、「個人終極關懷」等15個基本概念與36個下位概念。在垂直向度上，內在體系為一個五層的概念架構，強調大學生內在的自我探索與知行培養，呈現大學生如何決定生涯方向與如何實踐；外在體系則為一個四層的意義系統，重視個人與外在的社會關係和現實脈絡，代表大學生如何思考自身與社會的關係。研究發現臺灣大學階段青年的生涯概念內外兼具，涵蓋多元，反映出西方個人主義取向、華人傳統儒家思想，以及現代青年生涯處境的交互影響。

關鍵詞：大學生、生涯、原型分析、華人文化

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What Do You Mean When You Think of Career? A Prototype Analysis of the Conception of Career Among Taiwanese College Students

Author: Hsiu-Huai Wang (Center of Teacher Education, National Taiwan University), Jen-De Chen (Department of Sports, National Changhua University of Education)

Vol.&No.：Vol. 64, No.2
Date：June 2019
Pages：39-68
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.201906_64(2).0002

Abstract：
To develop and construct an optimal career is one of the major challenges for youths in today’s world. For college students, who are facing the key stage of career development, the concept of “career” is crucial. However, the meaning of “career” is complicated and blurred and there is a dearth of systematic research on the multi-facet notions of career with its universality and cultural differences. Therefore, the present study seeks to explore the concept of ‘career’ among Taiwanese college students situated in the flux of Western and Chinese cultures. By employing the prototype analysis method, a group of 200 college students were invited to participate in the processes of establishing, expanding and validating career-related terms and phrases in defining the circumscription and scope of career, and then a semantic analysis by similarity sorting was implemented to obtain the features classification of the career concept among these college students. Data of similarity sorting were analyzed using cluster analysis; a tree diagram depicting the meaning structure of career was constructed based on the result of calculating the normalized root mean square distance, which mirrors the distance among each clusters. The clustering results yielded to hierarchical tree diagram of the conception of career consisting of multiple levels. In the horizontal dimension, there was an “intrinsic” versus “extrinsic” division, labeled as superordinate level 1 and “anchoring” and “cultivating,” labeled as superordinate level 2. Under the superordinate levels, two layers of basic level concepts were also identified. Basic 1 level concepts include (from left to right): “orienting,” “locating,” “choice making” (under “anchoring”), “beliefs about work,” “competence” (under “cultivating”), “work life,” and “family life” (“extrinsic”). Basic 2 level concepts consist of “future development,” “existential concerns” (under “orienting”), “quality of being,” “attributes for striving” (under “locating”), “prevail through effort” (under “beliefs about work”), “dance with opportunity,” “education,” “professional abilities” (under “competence“), “thorough and practical concerns of job,” “financial independence,” “stress of reality,” “work loyalty,” “social and global reality” (under “work life”), “family relationship and responsibility,” and “quality of life” (under “family life”). Underneath the basic level concepts, there are 36 subordinate level concepts. As to the vertical dimension of the career prototype, the intrinsic dimension which contains 5 levels of concepts is a complicated meaning system, emphasizing the internal process of self-exploration and cultivation. The intrinsic system reflects concepts about decision-making and actualization of career development among college students. The extrinsic dimension contains 4 levels of concepts, highlighting college students’ consideration of their relationships with the external social context including family, work, and the global world. The result showed that the meaning of career were multi-facet and all-embracing, reflecting a mixed influences from Western individualist orientation, Chinese cultural tradition and contemporary working world. This pioneering study has paved the way for establishing culturally-fit career theories as well as career guidance and counseling.

Keywords：career, Chinese culture, college students, prototype analysis