Journal directory listing - Volume 62 (2017) - Journal of Research in Education Sciences【62(2)】June (Special Issue: Digital Learning: Retrospect and Prospect)
Directory
Decision Tree for Investigating the Factors Affecting Graduate Salaries
Author: Yung-Fu Cheng(Graduate Institute of Science Education, National Taiwan Normal University), Ying-Shao Hsu(Graduate Institute of Science Education, National Taiwan Normal University)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 62, No.2
Date：June 2017
Pages：125-151
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.2017.62(2).05
Abstract：
In recent years, the rapid expansion of higher education has led to a surge in competitive pressure in the education market and has increased the excess in university-educated labor supply. Thus, the salary of graduates is a major societal issue. Over the past two decades, a number of studies have explored the factors that positively affect graduate salaries, and have constructed a complete theoretical scheme. Our studies explored these factors by analyzing data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey and Taiwan Education Panel Survey and Beyond, which together comprise 1,303 variables. The following three types of model were investigated: the initial model, workplace model, and change model. Data mining for the three models was conducted using a regression tree, a type of decision tree method for analyzing big data. The major findings of this research are described as follows: (1) Three variables, educational level, firm size, and academic achievement, were selected in the initial model. (2) Four variables, firm size, job title, working hours, and academic achievement, were selected in the workplace model. (3) One variable, job title, was selected in the change model. In summary, the decision tree effectively determined that academic achievement positively affects graduate salaries.
Keywords：college graduate salaries, decision tree, regression tree, Taiwan Education Panel Survey, Taiwan Education Panel Survey and Beyond
《Full Text》
References：
- 田弘華（2008）。高等教育擴張與大學畢業生薪資的影響因素。台灣高等教育研究電子報，24。取自http://www.cere.ntnu.edu.tw/files/upload_files/cere/files/hedudb/epaper/高教電子報第24期_焦點議題.pdf【Tien, H.-H. (2008). The expansion of higher education and the factors affecting graduate salaries. Taiwan Higher Education Research Newsletter, 24. Retrieved from http://www.cere.ntnu.edu.tw/files/upload_files/cere/files/ hedudb/epaper/高教電子報第24期_焦點議題.pdf】
- 青輔會（2006）。在正式教育中提升就業力─大專畢業生就業力調查報告。臺北市：作者。【National Youth Commission. (2006). Promote employment in formal education: Investigation report on the employment of college graduates. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 青輔會（2009）。98年大專青年就業力現況調查報告。臺北市：作者。【National Youth Commission. (2009). 2009 an investigation report on the current situation of young college graduates’ employment. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 池進通、李鴻文、陳芬儀（2008）。五大人格特質與工作績效關係之研究。經營管理論叢，4（2），1-9。【Chih, J.-T., Lee, H.-W., & Chen, F.-Y. (2008). The relationship between big five model and job performance. Operation Management Reviews, 4(2), 1-9】
- 吳慧瑛（2003）。二十年來教育發展之經濟評估1978-2001。臺灣經濟預測與政策，33（2），97-130。【Wu, H.-Y. (2003). Returns to schooling in Taiwan, 1978-2001. Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy, 33(2), 97-130.】
» More
- 田弘華（2008）。高等教育擴張與大學畢業生薪資的影響因素。台灣高等教育研究電子報，24。取自http://www.cere.ntnu.edu.tw/files/upload_files/cere/files/hedudb/epaper/高教電子報第24期_焦點議題.pdf【Tien, H.-H. (2008). The expansion of higher education and the factors affecting graduate salaries. Taiwan Higher Education Research Newsletter, 24. Retrieved from http://www.cere.ntnu.edu.tw/files/upload_files/cere/files/ hedudb/epaper/高教電子報第24期_焦點議題.pdf】
- 青輔會（2006）。在正式教育中提升就業力─大專畢業生就業力調查報告。臺北市：作者。【National Youth Commission. (2006). Promote employment in formal education: Investigation report on the employment of college graduates. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 青輔會（2009）。98年大專青年就業力現況調查報告。臺北市：作者。【National Youth Commission. (2009). 2009 an investigation report on the current situation of young college graduates’ employment. Taipei, Taiwan: Author.】
- 池進通、李鴻文、陳芬儀（2008）。五大人格特質與工作績效關係之研究。經營管理論叢，4（2），1-9。【Chih, J.-T., Lee, H.-W., & Chen, F.-Y. (2008). The relationship between big five model and job performance. Operation Management Reviews, 4(2), 1-9.】
- 吳慧瑛（2003）。二十年來教育發展之經濟評估，1978-2001。臺灣經濟預測與政策，33（2），97-130。【Wu, H.-Y. (2003). Returns to schooling in Taiwan, 1978-2001. Taiwan Economic Forecast and Policy, 33(2), 97-130.】
- 林大森（2011）。教育與勞動市場之連結：分析臺灣專業證照的市場價值。社會科學論叢，5（1），39-84。【Lin, D.-S. (2011). Linkage between education and the labor market: Analysis of market value of professional certificates in Taiwan. Review of Social Sciences, 5(1), 39-84.】
- 林大森（2013）。檢視大學畢業生薪資取得之決定因素：人力資本論與訊號理論的對話。教育政策論壇，16（1），1-37。doi:10.3966/156082982013021601001【Lin, D.-S. (2013). An examination of the relationship among university graduates’ employment competency, professional certificates/licenses and wages. Educational Policy Forum, 16(1), 1-37. doi:10.3966/1560829820 13021601001】
- 林妙真、張佩芬（2013）。工程及科技教育認證制度下的學生核心能力與評估：大學教師、系主任、院長的觀點。教育科學研究期刊，58（4），37-68。doi:10.6209/JORIES.2013.58(4).02【Lin, M.-C., & Chang, P.-F. (2013). A study of students’ core-competence evaluation in engineering education quality assurance: The perspectives of faculty members, program chairpersons, and deans. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 58(4), 37-68. doi:10.6209/JORIES.2013.58(4).02】
- 柯朝斌（2009）。高等教育普及化對於文憑訊號傳遞功能的影響：以賽局模型進行理論分析。教育科學研究期刊，54（2），107-133。doi:10.3966/2073753X2009065402005【Ko, C.-P. (2009). The influence of the higher education universalization on the signaling of diplomas: Theoretical analysis by using a game model. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 54(2), 107-133. doi:10.3966/ 2073753X2009065402005】
- 翁康容、張峰彬（2011）。高等教育擴張後學校到職場的轉銜：學用之間的反思。社會科學論叢，5（1），1-38。【Weng, K.-J., & Chang, F.-B. (2011). Mismatch between education and work: School to work transition after higher education expansion. Review of Social Sciences, 5(1), 1-38.】
- 陳秀華（2007）。學歷與證照之替代與互補關係：以十三所大學財金系與資管系學生為例（未出版碩士論文）。國立中央大學，桃園縣。【Chen, H.-H. (2007). Substitutive or complementary relation between diploma and certifications (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan.】
- 陳信憲、陳美華（2005）。技職校院商管學群學生財金專業能力指標建構之研究。師大學報：教育類，50（2），123-140。doi:10.3966/2073753X2005105002007【Chen, B. H., & Chen, M.-H. (2005). A study of the finance students’ professional competencies index constructing at technological and vocational universities, colleges/junior colleges. Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Education, 50(2), 123-140. doi:10.3966/2073753X2005105002007】
- 陳清檳、鄭博文、賴慧敏、蕭錫錡（2015）。大學畢業生取得證照與薪資所得─傾向分數配對法之分析。當代教育研究季刊，23（1），71-111。doi:10.6151/CERQ.2015.2301.03【Chen, C.-P., Cheng, P.-W., Lai, H.-M., & Hsiao, H.-C. (2015). Exploring the relationship between certifications and wages among university graduate students: A propensity score-matched analysis. Contemporary Educational Research Quarterly, 23(1), 71-111. doi:10.6151/CERQ.2015.2301.03】
- 張苙雲（2005a）。台灣教育長期追蹤資料來源：第一波（2001）高中職五專學生問卷資料（會員版）（C00124_A）【原始數據】。取自https://srda.sinica.edu.tw【Chang, L.-Y. (2005a). Taiwan education panel survey: Wave 1 (2001) senior (Vocational) high school and junior college students (Membership version)(C00124_A) [Data file]. Retrieved from https://srda.sinica.edu.tw】
- 張苙雲（2005b）。台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫：第二波（2003）高中職五專學生問卷資料（會員版）（C00137_A）【原始數據】。取自https://srda.sinica.edu.tw【Chang, L.-Y. (2005b). Taiwan education panel survey: Wave 2 (2003) senior (Vocational) high school and junior college students (Membership version)(C00137_A) [Data file]. Retrieved from https://srda.sinica.edu.tw】
- 張苙雲（2005c）。台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫：第二波（2003）高中職五專家長問卷資料（會員版）（C00137_G）【原始數據】。取自https://srda.sinica.edu.tw【Chang, L.-Y. (2005c). Taiwan education panel survey: Wave 2 (2003) senior (Vocational) high school and junior college parents (Membership version)(C00137_G) [Data file]. Retrieved from https://srda.sinica.edu.tw】
- 黃毅志（2001）。台灣地區勞力市場分隔之探討：流動表分析。台灣社會學刊，25，157-200。【Hwang, Y.-J. (2001). Exploring Taiwan’s labor market segmentation: The analysis of the mobility tables. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 25, 157-200.】
- 湯堯、徐慧芝（2011）。台灣地區大學生就讀學校與學門對其畢業後薪資水準之關聯性研究。教育政策論壇，14（1），61-84。【Tang, Y., & Hsu, H.-C. (2011). A study of the relationships between wage differentials, school types and departments of college graduates in Taiwan. Educational Policy Forum, 14(1), 61-84.】
- 曾芳代、胡均立、陳韻宇（2011）。人力資本或是信心資產？自我效能對大學畢業生的學習經驗與就業力間之中介效果。長庚人文社會學報，4（2），335-356。【Tseng, F.-T., Hu, J.-L., & Chen, Y.-Y. (2011). Human capital or asset of self-confidence? The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between college graduate’s in-school learning experience and employability. Chang Gung Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2), 335-356.】
- 楊孟麗、譚康榮、黃敏雄（2003）。台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫：心理計量報告：TEPS2001分析能力測驗【第一版】。中央研究院調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫【管理、釋出單位】。【Yang, M.-L., Tam, T. H.-W., & Huang, M.-H. (2003). Psychometric report for the ability tests of TEPS 2001. Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica [producer, distributor].】
- 楊彥廷（2015）。大學生的快樂決定因素以及快樂對初期薪資的影響（未出版碩士論文）。東吳大學，臺北市。【Yang, Y.-T. (2015). Determinants of college students’ happiness and influences of happiness to entry earnings (Unpublished master’s thesis). Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 廖年淼、劉玲慧、賴靜瑩、楊家瑜（2012）。科技校院畢業生職場就業現況與相關影響因素之探究。教育與社會研究，25，33-72。【Lyau, N.-M., Liu, L.-H., Lai, C.-Y., & Yang, C.-Y. (2012). An investigation of technological university graduates’ employment status in the workplace and related influential factors. Formosan Education and Society, 25, 33-72.】
- 劉正、陳建州（2004）。高等教育人力之供需與回饋的變遷：高教擴張前後的比較。臺灣教育社會學研究，4（2），1-40。【Liu, J., & Chen, J.-J. (2004). Changes in the supply of, demand for, and returns to higher education manpower in Taiwan after higher educational expansion. Taiwan Journal of Sociology of Education, 4(2), 1-40.】
- 劉常勇、溫肇東、謝如梅（2011，6月）。台灣創業現況調查與政策意涵：全球創業觀察觀點。載於東吳大學主辦之「2011第14屆科際整合管理研討會」論文集（pp. 470-483），臺北市。【Liu, C.-Y., Wen, C.-T., & Hsieh, R.-M. (2011, June). A survey of entrepreneurship and policy implications in Taiwan: Evidence from global entrepreneurship monitor data. In Soochow University (Ed.), 2011 The 14th Conference on Interdisciplinary and Multifunctional Business Management (pp. 470-483), Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 賴玟潔（2012）。高等教育擴張之不同學校薪資報酬差異（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣大學，臺北市。【Lai, W.-J. (2012). The wage difference of graduates from different schools after the expansion of higher education (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 關秉寅（2015）。「『台灣教育長期追蹤資料來源』後續調查：教育與勞動市場的連結」－2001/2003年高中職五專學生樣本2010年調查（C00303_3）【原始數據】。取自http://srda. sinica.edu.tw/search/gensciitem/1741【Kuan, P.-Y. (2015). Taiwan Education Panel Survey and Beyond/2010: The face-to-face follow-up survey of panel-1 SH (C00303_3) [Data file]. Retrieved from http://srda.sinica.edu.tw/search/gensciitem/1741】
- Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9-49. doi:10.1086/258724
- Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984). Classification and regression trees. London, UK: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
- Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual capital. London, UK: International Thomson Business Press.
- Chevalier, A. (2011). Subject choice and earnings of UK graduates. Economics of Education Review, 30(6), 1187-1201. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.04.007
- Doeringer, P. B., & Piore, M. J. (1971). Internal labor markets and manpower analysis. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
- Feltovich, N., Harbaugh, R., & To, T. (2002). Too cool for school? Signalling and countersignaling. The RAND Journal of Economics, 33(4), 630-649. doi:10.2307/3087478
- Finnie, R., & Frenette, M. (2003). Earning differences by major field of study: Evidence from three cohorts of recent Canadian graduates. Economics of Education Review, 22(2), 179-192. doi:10. 1016/S0272-7757(02)00003-1
- Goldsmith, A. H., Veum, J. R., & Darity, W., Jr. (1997). The impact of psychological and human capital on wages. Economic Inquiry, 35(4), 815-829. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01966.x
- Hungerford, T., & Solon, G. (1987). Sheepskin effects in the returns to education. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(1), 175-177. doi:10.2307/1937919
- Kelly, E., O’Connell, P. J., & Smyth, E. (2010). The economic returns to field of study and competencies among higher education graduates in Ireland. Economics of Education Review, 29(4), 650-657. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.11.001
- Kerckhoff, A. C., & Bell, L. (1998). Hidden capital: Vocational credentials and attainment in the United States. Sociology of Education, 71(2), 152-174. doi:10.2307/2673246
- Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281-302. doi:10.1086/258055
- Neill, N., Mulholland, G., Ross, V., & Leckey, J. (2004). The influence of part-time work on student placement. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 28(2), 123-137. doi:10.1080/030987704 2000206705
- Orazem, P. F., Werbel, J. D., & McElroy, J. C. (2003). Market expectations, job search, and gender differences in starting pay. Journal of Labor Research, 24(2), 307-321. doi:10.1007/BF02701795
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2012). Education at a glance 2012: OECD indicators. Paris, France: Author. doi:10.1787/eag-2012-en
- Pinquart, M., Juang, L. P., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2003). Self-efficacy and successful school-to-work transition: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 329-346. doi:10.1016/ S0001-8791(02)00031-3
- Sagen, H. B., Dallam, J. W., & Laverty, J. R. (2000). Effects of career preparation experiences on the initial employment success of college graduates. Research in Higher Education, 41(6), 753-767. doi:10.1023/A:1007072705601
- Sanchez, J. R., & Laanan, F. S. (1997, November). What is it worth? The economic value of obtaining a certificate or associate degree from California Community Colleges. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the California Association for Institutional Research, San Francisco, CA.
- Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
- Siphambe, H. K. (2008). Rates of return to education in Botswana: Results from the 2002/2003 household income and expenditure survey data set. South African Journal of Economics, 76(4), 641-651. doi:10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00211.x
- Spense, M. (1973). Job market signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374. doi:10.2307/1882010
- Therneau, T., Atkinson, B., & Ripley, B. (2015). RPART: Recursive partitioning and regression trees (R package version 4.1-9). Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rpart
- Therneau, T. M., & Atkinson, E. J., (2015). An introduction to recursive partitioning using the RPART routines. Rochester, NY: Mayo Foundation.
- Trow, M. (1973). Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education. Berkeley, CA: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.
- Wang, L.-Y. (2009, November). Higher education at the crossroads: Reflections on the linkage between education and work. Paper presented at the International Forum on Higher Education, Challenges and Reflections on the Enrichment of Human Capital under the Economic Turmoil, Over-education or Under-education, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Weeden, K. A. (2002). Why do some occupations pay more than others? Social closure and earnings inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 108(1), 55-101. doi:10.1086/ 344121
- Weiss, A. (1995). Human capital vs. signaling explanations of wages. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 133-154. doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.133