Journal directory listing - Volume 64 (2019) - Journal of Research in Education Sciences【64(4)】December
Directory
What Does Early and Middle Adulthood Look Like? A Comparison of Structural Models on Mindful Learning, Emotional Creativity, Capacity to Savor, and
Flourishing Life
Author: Po-Lin Chen (Department of Counseling Psychology, Chinese Culture University), Chao-Hsiang Hung (General Education Center, National Taiwan University of Arts), Min-Ning Yu (Department of Education, National Chengchi University)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 64, No.4
Date：December 2019
Pages：207-239
DOI：10.6209/JORIES.201912_64(4).0008
Abstract：
Literature indicates potential differences of flourishing life in adulthood. However, studies on these differences in relation to mindful learning, emotional creativity, and capacity to savor are scant. This study therefore constructed a model to study the relationships among mindful learning, emotional creativity, capacity to savor, and flourishing life in early and middle adulthood. In total, 616 adults randomly selected from Northern, Central, and Southern Taiwan participated in this study. Analysis methods included descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The results demonstrated the following: (1) The capacity to savor in early and middle adulthood can mediate the prediction from mindful learning to flourishing life, whereas in early adulthood alone, emotional creativity has a mediator effect for the prediction from mindful learning to flourishing life. (2) In early and middle adulthood, emotional creativity to capacity to savor plays a serial mediating role in the prediction from mindful learning to flourishing life. (3) The scores of novelty producing, flexibility, flourishing life, benevolence-blessing positive emotions, playfulness-blessing engagement, harmony-blessing identify meaning, respectful-blessing competent requirements, and optimism-blessing optimistic attitude were significantly higher in middle adulthood than in early adulthood. (4) The scores of emotion preparedness and emotion novelty were significantly higher in early adulthood than in middle adulthood. Based on these results, suggestions regarding life practice and future research are discussed subsequently.
Keywords：adulthood, capacity to savor, emotional creativity, flourishing life, mindful learning
《Full Text》
References：
- 文崇一、蕭新煌（主編）（2010）。中國人：觀念與行為。臺北市：巨流。 【Wen, C.-I., & Hsiao, H.-H. (Ed.). (2010). Chinese: Concepts and behavior. Taipei, Taiwan: Chuliu.】
- 江文慈（2004）。大學生的情緒調整歷程與發展特徵。教育心理學報，35（3），249-268。doi:10.6251/BEP.20030731 【Chiang, W.-T. (2004). The emotion regulation of college students: Processes and developmental characteristics. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 35(3), 249-268. doi:10.6251/BEP.20030731】
- 余民寧、陳柏霖（2012）。從幽谷邁向顛峰─教師心理健康的分類與應用。教育研究月刊，223，67-80。 【Yu, M.-N., & Chen, P.-L. (2012). The pathway from languishing to flourishing: Application of the study of teachers’ mental health. Journal of Education Research, 223, 67-80.】
- 余民寧、陳柏霖（2014）。幸福感教學對促進大學生正向心理的改變。教育學報，42（1），1-26。 【Yu, M.-N., & Chen, P.-L. (2014). The influences of well-being instruction on college students’ positive thinking. Education Journal, 42(1), 1-26.】
- 余民寧、陳柏霖、陳玉樺（2018）。巔峰型教師的樣貌：圓滿幸福、知覺工作壓力、靈性幸福感及心理健康之關係。教育心理學報，50（1），1-30。doi:10.6251/BEP.201809_50(1).0001 【Yu, M.-N., Chen, P.-L., & Chen, Y.-H. (2018). What does the flourishing teacher look like? The relationships between flourishing, perceived work stress, spiritual well-being and mental health. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 50(1), 1-30. doi:10.6251/BEP.201809_50(1).0001】
» More
- 文崇一、蕭新煌（主編）（2010）。中國人：觀念與行為。臺北市：巨流。 【Wen, C.-I., & Hsiao, H.-H. (Ed.). (2010). Chinese: Concepts and behavior. Taipei, Taiwan: Chuliu.】
- 江文慈（2004）。大學生的情緒調整歷程與發展特徵。教育心理學報，35（3），249-268。doi:10.6251/BEP.20030731 【Chiang, W.-T. (2004). The emotion regulation of college students: Processes and developmental characteristics. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 35(3), 249-268. doi:10.6251/BEP.20030731】
- 余民寧、陳柏霖（2012）。從幽谷邁向顛峰─教師心理健康的分類與應用。教育研究月刊，223，67-80。 【Yu, M.-N., & Chen, P.-L. (2012). The pathway from languishing to flourishing: Application of the study of teachers’ mental health. Journal of Education Research, 223, 67-80.】
- 余民寧、陳柏霖（2014）。幸福感教學對促進大學生正向心理的改變。教育學報，42（1），1-26。 【Yu, M.-N., & Chen, P.-L. (2014). The influences of well-being instruction on college students’ positive thinking. Education Journal, 42(1), 1-26.】
- 余民寧、陳柏霖、陳玉樺（2018）。巔峰型教師的樣貌：圓滿幸福、知覺工作壓力、靈性幸福感及心理健康之關係。教育心理學報，50（1），1-30。doi:10.6251/BEP.201809_50(1).0001 【Yu, M.-N., Chen, P.-L., & Chen, Y.-H. (2018). What does the flourishing teacher look like? The relationships between flourishing, perceived work stress, spiritual well-being and mental health. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 50(1), 1-30. doi:10.6251/BEP.201809_50(1).0001】
- 李仁豪（2013）。台灣中老年人幸福感及相關因素之長期追蹤研究。國科會專題研究計畫成果報告（NSC101-2410-H-040-010-SSS）。臺中市：中山醫學大學。 【Li, R.-H. (2013). Long-term follow-up study on the well-being and related factors of middle-aged and elderly people in Taiwan. Preparation of National Science Council project report (NSC101-2410-H-040-010-SSS). Taichung, Taiwan: Chung Shan Medical University.】
- 李新民（2009）。國中生正向情緒創造對實用智能、美德行為的影響。高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類，27，83-112。 【Lee, H.-M. (2009). The effect of positive emotional creativity on practical intelligence and virtuous behaviors of junior high school students. Kaohsiung Normal University Journal: Education and Social Sciences, 27, 83- 112.】
- 李新民（2010）。正向心理學在學校教育的應用。高雄市：麗文。 【Lee, H.-M. (2010). Positive psychology in the school education application. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Liwen.】
- 林以正、廖玲燕、黃金蘭、楊中芳（2001）。本土社會讚許傾向的測量與歷程。華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫。臺北市：國立臺灣大學。 【Lin, Y.-Z., Liao, L.-Y., Huang, J.-L., & Yang, Z.-F. (2001). The measurement and history of the appreciating tendency of the local society. Chinese native psychology research pursues excellence programs. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University.】
- 林宗弘、洪敬舒、李健鴻、王兆慶、張烽益（2011）。崩世代：財團化、貧窮化與少子女化的危機。臺北市：群學。 【Lin, Z.-H., Hung, J.-S., Lee, J.-H., Wang, Z.-Q., & Zhang, F.-Y. (2011). Bomb-generation: The crisis of consortium, poverty and childlessness. Taipei, Taiwan: Socio.】
- 林幸台、田秀蘭、張小鳳、張德聰（2010）。生涯輔導。臺北市：心理。 【Lin, X.-T., Tian, X.-L., Zhang, X.-F., & Zhang, D.-C. (2010). Career counseling. Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological.】
- 林美珍、黃世琤、柯華葳（2007）。人類發展。臺北市：心理。 【Lin, M.-Z., Huang, S.-Z., & Ke, H.-W. (2007). Human development. Taipei, Taiwan: Psychological.】
- 林惠彥、陸洛、吳珮瑀、吳婉瑜（2012）。快樂的員工更有生產力嗎？組織支持與工作態度之雙重影響。中華心理學刊，54（4），451-469。doi:10.6129/CJP.20120220 【Lin, H.-Y., Lu, L., Wu, P.-Y., & Wu, W.-Y. (2012). Are happy workers more productive? The dual influences of organizational support and work attitudes. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 451-469. doi:10.6129/CJP. 20120220】
- 吳枚瑛、陳香廷、魯盈讌、洪瑞兒（2018）。探討高雄市青少年自覺健康、身體意象及幸福感之關係。教育科學研究期刊，63（1），33-67。doi:10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02 【Wu, M.-Y., Chen, H.-T., Lu, Y.-Y., & Hong, Z.-R (2018). Relationships between the self-perceptions of health awareness, body image, and well-being among adolescents in Kaohsiung. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 63(1), 33-67. doi:10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02】
- 洪晟惠、周麗端（2011）。家庭發展階段與家庭結構對中年世代生活滿意度的影響。人類發展與家庭學報，13，75 -100。 【Hong, C.-H., & Chou, L.-T. (2011). Effects of family development stages and family structures on life satisfaction of middle-aged generation. Journal of Human Development and Family Studies, 13, 75-100.】
- 張純子、洪志成（2009）。私立幼兒園教師情緒規則：社會建構觀點。臺中教育大學學報：教育類，23（2），91-115。doi:10.7037/JNTUE.200912.0091 【Chang, C.-T., & Hung, C.-C. (2009). The emotional rules of private preschool teachers: A social-constructivist perspective. Journal of National Taichung University: Education, 23(2), 91-115. doi:10.7037/JNTUE.200912. 0091】
- 張億鈞、秦元芳（2004）。21世紀走進每一個人的教育：當代成人教育論。吉林市：吉林大學。 【Zhang, Y.-H., & Qin, Y.-F. (2004). Entering everyone’s education in the 21st century: Contemporary adult education. Jilin, China: Jilin University.】
- 陳易甫（2017）。三十而立？成年初期生活適應及其影響因素的生命歷程研究。取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫（E10371）。doi:10. 6141/TW-SRDA-E10371-1 【Chen, Y.-F. (2017). Becoming adults in their thirties? A life-course study on causes and consequences of life adjustments in the early adulthood. Retrieved from Survey Research Data Archive, Academia Sinica (E10371). doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-E10371-1】
- 陳柏霖（2015）。教育幸福的追尋：天賦潛能、用心學習、正向品味及巔峰人生之研究。科技部專題研究計畫成果報告（NSC103-2410-H-364-001）。新竹市：玄奘大學。 【Chen, P.-L. (2015). The pursuit of educational well-being in life-span: Study of the elements potential, mindful learning, positive savoring, and flourishing life. Ministry of Science and Technology Special Research Project Report (NSC103-2410-H-364 -001). Hsinchu, Taiwan: Hsuan Chuang University.】
- 陳柏霖（2018）。以全心學習為中介角色：僑生與本地生的生活目標與品味之關係。教育與心理研究，41（2），29-58。doi:10.3966/102498852018064102002 【Chen, P.-L. (2018). Mindful learning as a mediated: A comparative study on the relationship between life goals and savoring for overseas Chinese students and local students. Journal of Education & Psychology, 41(2), 29-58. doi:10.3966/102498852018064102002】
- 陳柏霖、余民寧（2017）。享受生活片刻的能力：用心學習、品味能力及圓滿人生之關係。教育與心理研究，40（1），57-86。doi:10.3966/102498852017034001003 【Chen, P.-L., & Yu, M.-N. (2017). The capacity to enjoy moments in life: The relationships among mindful learning, capacity to savor, and flourishing life. Journal of Education & Psychology, 40(1), 57-86. doi:10.3966/1024 98852017034001003】
- 陳柏霖、余民寧（2018）。圓滿人生量表測量恆等性考驗及其不同成年期之差異。教育學刊，50，69-109。doi:10.3966/156335272018060050003 【Chen, P.-L., & Yu, M.-N. (2018). Verifying the invariance of a measurement model for flourishing life across adulthood in age differences. Educational Review, 50, 69-109. doi:10.3966/156335272018060050003】
- 陳柏霖、余民寧、洪兆祥（2019）。僑生與本地生的目標設定、全心學習、意志力及巔峰幸福之模型建構及其差異比較。教育科學與研究期刊，64（2），131-160。doi:10.6209/ JORIES.201906_64(2).0005 【Chen, P.-L., Yu, M.-N., & Hung, C.-H. (2019). Comparative study on goal setting, mindful learning, volition, and flourishing among overseas Chinese students and local students: Comparison of structural models. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 64(2), 131-160. doi:10.6209/JORIES.201906_64(2).0005】
- 陳柏霖、林偉文（2011）。大學生數理科學領域創意成就及其錯誤因應策略之關係。新竹教育大學教育學報，28（2），57-85。doi:10.7044/NHCUEA.201112.0059 【Chen, P.-L., & Lin, W.-W. (2011). The relationship between college students’ mathematics, science, and creative achievements and strategies for coping with mistakes. Educational Journal of NHCUE, 28(2), 57-85. doi:10. 7044/NHCUEA.201112.0059】
- 陸洛（2003）。人我關係之界定─「折衷自我」的現身。本土心理學研究，20，139-207。doi:10.6254/2003.20.139 【Lu, L. (2003). Defining the self-other relation: The emergence of composite self. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 20, 139-207. doi:10.6254/2003.20.139】
- 陸洛、楊國樞（2005）。社會取向與個人取向的自我實現觀：概念分析與實徵初探。本土心理學研究，23，3-69。 【Lu, L., & Yang, K.-S. (2005). Social- and individual-oriented views of self-actualization: Conceptual analysis and preliminary empirical exploration. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 23, 3-69.】
- 鍾聖校（2012）。正向心理情意：教與學。臺北市：五南。 【Chung, S.-H. (2012). Positive psychology: Affective teaching and learning. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book.】
- 簡莉蓉（2009）。教師情緒創造力與職業幸福感之研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺北教育大學，臺北市。 【Chien, L.-J. (2009). The relationship between teachers’ emotional creativity and occupational well-being (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 羅希哲、蔡慧音、陳錦慧、詹為淵（2015）。高中女生在STEM情緒專案式學習之創造歷程研究。高雄師大學報，39，63-84。 【Lou, S.-J., Tsai, H.-Y., Chen, C.-H., & Dzan, W.-Y. (2015). The processes of high school female students’ emotional creativity through the STEM project-based learning. Kaohsiung Normal University Journal, 39, 63-84.】
- O’Connor, R.（2010）。終於快樂：資深心理醫師的快樂配方（林雨倩，譯）。臺北市：財經傳訊。（原著出版於2008年） 【O’Connor, R. (2010). Happy at last: The thinking person’s guide to finding joy (Y.-C. Lin, Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Financial Communications. (Original work published 2008)】
- Langer, E. J.（2010）。逆時針：哈佛教授教你重返最佳狀態（陳雅雲，譯）。臺北市：方智。（原著出版於2009年） 【Langer, E. J. (2010). Counter clockwise: Mindful health and the power of possibility (Y.-Y. Chen, Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Fine. (Original work published 2009)】
- Schaie, K.W., & Willis, S. L.（2007）。成人發展與老化（樂國安、韓威、周靜，合譯）。臺北市：五南。（原著出版於2002年） 【Schaie, K.W., & Willis, S. L. (2007). Adult development and aging (G.-A. Le, W. Han, & J. Zhou, Trans.). Taipei, Taiwan: Wu-Nan Book. (Original work published 2002)】
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.103.3.411
- Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55. 5.469
- Ashford, J. B., & LeCroy, C. W. (2013). Human behavior in the social environment: A multidimensional perspective (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- Averill, J. R. (1999). Individual differences in emotional creativity: Structure and correlates. Journal of Personality, 67(2), 331-371. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00058
- Averill, J. R. (2009). Emotional creativity: Toward “spiritualizing the passions.” In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 249-257). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Averill, J. R., & Thomas-Knowles, C. (1991). Emotional creativity. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (pp. 269-299). London, UK: Wiley.
- Averill, J. R., Chon, K. K., & Hahn, D. W. (2001). Emotions and creativity, East and West. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4(3), 165-183. doi:10.1111/1467-839X.00084
- Baer, R. A., & Lykins, E. L. B. (2011). Mindfulness and positive psychological functioning. In K. Sheldon, T. Kashdan, & M. Steger (Eds.), Designing the future of positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 335-348). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Bercovitz, K., Pagnini, F., Phillips, D., & Langer, E. (2017). Utilizing a creative task to assess Langerian mindfulness. Creativity Research Journal, 29(2), 194-199. doi:10.1080/10400419. 2017.1304080
- Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science and Medicine, 66(8), 1733-1749. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.030
- Bodner, T. E., & Langer, E. J. (2001, June). Individual differences in mindfulness: The Mindfulness/Mindlessness Scale. Paper presented at the 13th annual American Psychological Society Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2011). The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, and perceived health in a Swedish population-based sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 300-316. doi:10.1348/135910710X501683
- Bryant, F. B. (1989). A four-factor model of perceived control: Avoiding, coping, obtaining, and savoring. Journal of Personality, 57(4), 773-797. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00494.x
- Bryant, F. B. (2003). Savoring beliefs inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savouring. Journal of Mental Health, 12(2), 175-196. doi:10.1080/0963823031000103489
- Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2007). Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Bryant, F. B., Chadwick, E. D., & Kluwe, K. (2011). Understanding the processes that regulate positive emotional experience: Unsolved problems and future directions for theory and research on savoring. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), 107-126. doi:10.5502/ijw.v1i1.18
- Bryant, F. B., Smart, C. M., & King, S. P. (2005). Using the past to enhance the present: Boosting happiness through positive reminiscence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 227-260. doi:10. 1007/s10902-005-3889-4
- Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Cañas, J. J., Quesada, J. F., Antolí, A., & Fajardo, I. (2003). Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46(5), 482- 501. doi:10.1080/0014013031000061640
- Carson, S. H., & Langer, E. J. (2006). Mindfulness and self-acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 24(1), 29-43. doi:10.1007/s10942-006-0022-5
- Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 117-121. doi:10.1111/j. 0963-7214.2005.00348.x
- Chadwick, E. D. (2012). The structure of adolescent and adult savoring and its relationship to feeling good and functioning well (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
- Chanowitz, B., & Langer, E. J. (1981). Premature cognitive commitments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(6), 1051-1063. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.6.1051
- DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 37 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychology Bulletin, 124(2), 197-229. doi:10.1037/0033-2909. 124.2.197
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
- Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
- Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
- Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. doi:10.2307/3150980
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden- and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. doi:10.1037/ 0003-066X.56.3.218
- Gentzler, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., Yi, C. Y., Palmer, C. A., & Morey, J. N. (2014). Young adolescents’ emotional and regulatory responses to positive events: Investigating temperament, attachment, and event characteristics. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(2), 108-121. doi:10.1080/1743 9760.2013.848374
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Harmon-Jones, E., Gable, P. A., & Price, T. F. (2013). Does negative affect always narrow and positive affect always broaden the mind? Considering the influence of motivational intensity on cognitive scope. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(4), 301-307. doi:10.1177/ 0963721413481353
- Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
- Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. C. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indictor Research, 110(3), 837-861.
- Hurley, D. B., & Kwon, P. (2013). Savoring helps most when you have little: Interaction between savoring the moment and uplifts on positive affect and satisfaction with life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1261-1271. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9377-8
- Ivcevic, Z., Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2007). Emotional intelligence and emotional creativity. Journal of Personality, 75(2), 199-236. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00437.x
- Jose, P. E., Lim, B. T., & Bryant, F. B. (2012). Does savoring increase happiness? A daily diary study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 176-187. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.671345
- Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and his symbols. New York, NY: Dell.
- Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Langer, E. J. (1997). The power of mindful learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Langer, E. J. (2005). Well-being: Mindfulness versus positive evaluation. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 214-230). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Langer, E. J., Pirson, M., & Delizonna, L. (2010). The mindlessness of social comparisons. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(2), 68-74. doi:10.1037/a0017318
- Layous, K., Kurtz, J., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2018). Reframing the ordinary: Imagining time as scarce increases well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(3), 301-308. doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1279210
- Levinson, D. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York, NY: Knopf.
- Lyubomirsky, S. (2000). On studying positive emotions. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1), Article 5c. doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.35c
- Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496-502. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08. 005
- Oriol, X., Amutio, A., Mendoza, M., Costa, S. D., & Miranda, R. (2016). Emotional creativity as predictor of intrinsic motivation and academic engagement in university students: The mediating role of positive emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01243
- Pagnini, F., & Philips, D. (2015). Being mindful about mindfulness. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(4), 288-289. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00041-3
- Peck, R. C. (1968). Psychological developments in the second half of life. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging (pp. 88-92). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Porter, B. F. (1988). Reasons for living: A basic ethics. New York, NY: Macmillan.
- Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). Positive emotion regulation and well-being: Comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 368-373. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048
- Ramsey, M. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2014). Age differences in subjective well-being across adulthood: The roles of savoring and future time perspective. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(1), 3-22. doi:10.2190/AG.78.1.b
- Reis, H. T., Smith, S. M., Carmichael, C. L., Caprariello, P. A., Tsai, F.-F., Rodrigues, A., & Maniaci, M. R. (2010). Are you happy for me? How sharing positive events with others provides personal and interpersonal benefits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 311-329. doi:10.1037/a0018344
- Ritchie, T. D., & Bryant, F. B. (2012). Positive state mindfulness: A multidimensional model of mindfulness in relation to positive experience. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 150- 181. doi:10.5502/ijw.v2.i3.1
- Russ, S. W., & Kaugars, A. S. (2001). Emotion in children’s play and creativity problem solving. Creativity Research Journal, 13(2), 211-219. doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1302_8
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free.
- Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
- Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Simonton, D. K. (1990). Psychology, science and history: An introduction to historiometry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt22726rf
- Smart, R., & Peterson, C. (1997). Super’s career stages and the decision to change careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(3), 358-374. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1996.1544
- Smith, J. L., & Hanni, A. A. (2017). Effects of a savoring intervention on resilience and well-being of older adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 38(1), 137-152. doi:10.1177/0733464817693375
- Smith, J. L., & Hollinger-Smith, L. (2015). Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 19(3), 192-200. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.986647
- Super, D. E. (1980). Career education and the meaning of work. Washington, DC: The Office of Career Education.
- Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374-385. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008
- Wittrock, M. C. (1989). Generative processes of comprehension. Educational Psychologist, 24(4), 345-376. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2404_2
- Zautra, A., Smith, B., Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (2001). Examinations of chronic pain and affect relationships: Applications of a dynamic model of affect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 786-795. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.5.786
| APA Format | Chen, P.-L., Hung, C.-H., & Yu, M.-N. (2019). What does early and middle adulthood look like? A comparison of structural models on mindful learning, emotional creativity, capacity to savor, and flourishing life. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 64(4), 207-239. doi:10.6209/JORIES.201912_64(4).0008 |
|---|