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Exploring the Differences and Prediction in Learning Adaptation and Well-Being Among Taiwanese Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
Author: Wen-Chieh Hsiao  ( Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University ), Ying-Yan Lu (General Education Center, Ming Chuan University), Chun-Ping Lin(Office of Student Affairs, Kaohsiung Municipal Wun-Fu Junior High School), Zuway-R Hong (Center for General Education, Chung Shan Medical University

Vol.&No.：Vol. 69, No. 2
Date：June 2024
Pages：101-134
DOI：https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202406_69(2).0004

Abstract：
The COVID-19 pandemic led to considerable global morbidity and mortality between 2019 and 2022, prompting governments worldwide to close schools to prevent virus transmission. In early 2020, more than 180 countries suspended face-to-face classes in schools, disrupting the education of millions of students and leading to learning losses for children and adolescents. Investigations have revealed that some students lacked the necessary equipment for online learning and were therefore prevented from attending classes, while others intentionally skipped classes. I addition, surveys have indicated that the number of adolescents and young adults self-reporting mental health problems increased because of social isolation and a lack of face-to-face interaction with others. These findings suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic period, poor learning performance and the mental health status of adolescents required close attention. In Taiwan, schools were closed twice from 2020 to 2022 to protect students from COVID-19.
Learning adaptation refers to students’ learning skills, study plans, learning habits, learning interests and attitudes, learning environment, learning concepts, and physical and mental health. Researchers have suggested that learning adaptation is a dynamic process in which individuals adopt appropriate learning skills and strategies and use environmental resources to solve learning problems that they encounter. An individual’s well-being derives from their subjective perception of happiness rather than objective measures employed by others. The concept of subjective well-being (SWB) was originally proposed to encompass life satisfaction, positive mood, and negative mood. In 1989, Ryff redefined SWB and proposed the concept of psychological well-being (PWB), which covers six dimensions: self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Researchers have since suggested that although PWB and SWB differ structurally, they correlate to varying degrees with factors including gender, age, educational status, emotion, self-awareness, and environment. In addition, related studies have found that well-being can elevate learning motivation and promote academic performance.
The present study explored the differences and prediction in learning adaptation and well-being among Taiwanese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The researchers constructed a research framework based on Bandura’s triadic theory of learning and related research findings. The following hypotheses were proposed: (1) The learning adaptation status of Taiwanese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic period differed on the basis of gender, educational status, and region of residence. (2) Each individual’s state of well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic varied depending on gender, educational status, and region of residence. (3) Taiwanese adolescents’ learning adaptation was positively correlated with their happiness levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) The status of Taiwanese adolescents’ learning adaptation predicted their well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The researchers developed and validated two well-structured scales: the Learning Adaptation Scale and the Well-Being Scale. In the pilot stage of this study, 120 adolescents participated, and in the formal stage, 890 adolescents were recruited using Google Forms. Subsequently, the researchers performed exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency tests and conducted independent-samples t tests, an analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling to compare differences and relationships between adolescents’ learning adaptation and well-being in relation to multiple demographic variables during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Learning Adaptation Scale extracted three factors— namely going to school, active learning, and distance learning— which explained 57.859% of the variation. The scale’s overall internal consistency reliability was .878. The Well-Being Scale extracted three factors— namely life attitude, life satisfaction, and self-identity— which explained 60.187% of the variation. The scale’s overall internal consistency reliability was .950.
The data analysis results revealed that during the suspension of in-person classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, girls were more eager to return to school than were boys, junior high school students were more willing to return to school than were high school students, and adolescents living in northern Taiwan more eager to return to school than were those living in southern Taiwan. Girls had significantly higher self-identity scores than boys, and junior high school students scored significantly higher in self-efficacy than high school students did. Additionally, students living in southern Taiwan had significantly higher scores for life satisfaction than did those living in northern Taiwan. Finally, structural equation modeling revealed that “attending school” significantly and positively predicted the well-being of Taiwanese adolescents.
This paper proposes the following suggestions for further research and application of the present findings in education: (1) Collect a higher quantity of samples using a random sampling selection method and conduct case studies or focus group interviews encompassing more regions of Taiwan to gain a clearer understanding of the current situation of adolescents’ learning adaptation and well-being throughout Taiwan. (2) Given that adolescents’ learning adaptation and well-being continuously change because of evolutions in environments and related factors, conducting a longitudinal study and establishing a large database to track such changes are highly recommended. Maintaining such a database could help identify problems early and could facilitate the formulation of effective strategies for improvement. Such a database could also provide references for education-related policy formulation and strategies. (3) The results of this study indicate that in Taiwan, an adolescent’s learning environment can effectively improve their well-being. Since online learning is regarded as another approach other than traditional learning. Schools at all levels should develop comprehensive support plans as soon as possible to address potential major and immediate changes in education. As developing and evaluating long-distance courses and teaching methods, creating a supportive learning atmosphere and encouraging communication and interaction between teachers and students should be considered crucial evaluation indicators given that these factors can consistently maintain high learning motivation among students. In summary, the results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of long-distance curricula, teaching plans, and related research that could be adopted during severe epidemic periods in the future.

Keywords：well-being, adolescent, structural equation modeling, COVID-19 pandemic, learning adaptation

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APA FormatHsiao, W.-C., Lu, Y.-Y., Lin, C.-P., & Hong, Z.-R. (2024). Exploring the Differences and Prediction in Learning Adaptation and Well-Being Among Taiwanese Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 69(2), 101-134.